Day :
- Genetical Disorders of Eye | Visual Impairment | Vision and Cognition | Visual-Neuroscience | Keratoconus | Visual Perception | Vitreo-retinal | Retinal Detachment |Colour Vision
Session Introduction
Dina Mostovoy
Ben-Gurion University, Israel
Title: Rise of the machines? Comparison of cycloplegic refraction using retinoscopy and the retinomax k-plus 5 in children
Biography:
Dr. Mostovoy is the head of the pediatric ophthalmic institute of our medical center, examined and treated the patient, and reviewed the manuscript.
Abstract:
Background: Accurate measurement of refraction is one of the most concerns in eye examinations. While some studies claim automated refraction is accurate comparing to cycloplegic refraction using retinoscopy, other studies claim it is not, and can be used only for screening children older than 6 years old. Auto refractive values are overestimated compared with retinoscopy, both in sphere and astigmatism. In most cases the axis is usually comparable.
Methods: Pediatric population from Pediatric eye institute of our medical center and from Pediatric community clinic were included. All children underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. Children were randomly assigned to one of two Pediatric optometrists which performed a manual cycloplegic refraction using retinoscopy and automated cycloplegic refraction using handheld autorefractometer Retinomax5 (Right MFG co. LTD) device. Data was recorded in patients’ files and included sphere, astigmatism, axis for each eye and for manual and automated refraction, glasses use, and cooperation of the child.
Results: A total of 213 children were included. Mean age was 6.2 years old. Sphere values were different between retinoscopy and retinomax in ages up to 5 years old (retinoscopy 2.38 ± 1.83 D, retinomax 2.71 ± 2.41, p<0.001) and in children older than 5 (retinoscopy 1.65 ± 3.35 D, retinomax 1.92 ± 3.23, p<0.001). Astigmatism was different between in both age groups (up to 5: retinoscopy -0.59 ± 0.92, retinomax -1.16 ± 1.40, p<0.001) (older than 5: retinoscopy -0.63 ± 0.96, retinomax -0.73 ± 0.76, p<0.001). Axis was statistically different between retinoscopy and retinomax in both age groups, but not clinically significant. Good compliance was 94.1% in ages bigger than 5 years old and 76% in 5 years old and younger (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Automated devices such as Retinomax may be used for screening in children older than 5 years old. However, in all age groups, even with good compliance, it may not be accurate enough for treatment and decision making.
Fatima Khalifa Mohamed Ahmed
Comenius University, Slovakia
Title: The association between visual impairment and cognitive decline
Biography:
Fatima Khalifa Ahmed was born and raised in Rabat, Morocco to Libyan parents. She has Bachelor degree in medicine in Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia, Postgraduate internship year in Cairo university hospitals in Egypt, Completed a course in leading healthcare quality and safety offered by The George Washington University, as she is interested in taking actions into improving the quality and safety of healthcare systems Pursuing ophthalmology as a career of choice as it combines her passion in science and research with the clinical and surgical division of medicine Passionate about discovering different cultures and learning new languages (Currently learning Italian) Arabic, English German and Slovak are among the language spoken.
Abstract:
It has not yet been fully established that visual impairment is associated with cognitive decline in the elderly. As it is unclear whether the association is causal or direct, many cross-sectional studies have found a correlation between these two comorbidities, but some longitudinal studies have failed to find a direct relationship. Most of these studies were conducted in western and Asian countries. The hypothesis is that visual impairment or worsening decreases the stimulation of cognitive function, resulting in a decline in cognition and dementia.
Establishing a clear understanding of the relationship between cognitive decline and impairment of vision may aid in developing strategies for early detection and management of risk factors, thereby reducing clinical and public burden while improving quality of life. In addition to the increased risk of physical injuries, social withdrawal, and depression associated with visual impairment, there is also a great risk of chronic comorbidities as a result of the physical inactivity. As the risk of developing cataract, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma increases with age, it is more common to see visual impairment and blindness in elderly people.
In those studies snellen chart was used to assess the visual acuity, for assessing mental status or cognitive function different scales were used in different studies, as an example; the validated Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire was used in the Singapore as well as in Taiwan studies, whereas the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was done in the Maryland, US study, other confounding variables are; age 65 years and older, sex, marital status, educational and social levels, BMI, presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
The presence of visual impairment in elderly populations could adversely affect cognitive functioning in the future. Preserving good vision may be an important interventional plan for reducing age-related cognitive decline.
Maryam I. Toma AL Najjar
McGill University, Jordan
Title: Bilateral anterior uveitis due to latent reactivation of varicella zoster virus
Biography:
Maryam I. Toma Al Najjar is the youngest ophthalmologist graduated in the Middle-East and obtaining the Arab Board of Health Specializations in Ophthalmology and the first Paediatric ophthalmologist who is internationally subspecialize in Ocular Genetics, Uveitis and Ocular immunology diseases besides the pediatric ophthalmology. She finished her medical degree at younger age at 22-year-old from Al - Nahrain University in Baghdad, Iraq. Later on, she graduated from McGill University with distinction in 2018. She discovered a new genetic mechanism for Leber Congenital amaurosis and her discovery was published in Nature Journal/Scientific reports in March 2018. She completed her Clinical Paediatric Ophthalmology Fellowship and Ocular Genetics Fellowship at McGill University while she finished the Uveitis and Ocular immunology Fellowship at University de Montreal. In addition to be a missionary ophthalmologist, she dedicated clinical scientist to fight blindness in everywhere. She is a multitalented physician, she plays Harp, Organ, Piano; and a skilled poet and painter.
Abstract:
Introduction: Latent reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) infection is one of the causes of anterior uveitis. The patient is usually presented with unilateral iridocyclitis with elevation of intraocular pressure, and later sequences of sectorial iris atrophy after recurrent attacks.
Case presentation: We are reporting a case of unusual presentation of bilateral anterior uveitis due to latent reactivation of VZV in an immunocompetent patient. A 44-year-old man was referred to our hospital, with a history of three weeks of bilateral eye pain, redness and photophobia. The patient had been treated in another clinic by topical steroid eye drops without improvement.
On examination, the best corrected visual acuity was 20/60 in each eye. Anterior segment examination: marked ciliary injection, corneal epithelial edema, fine keratic precipitates, flare +2, and anterior chamber reaction was +3 cells in each eye and intraocular pressure was 19 mmHg in each eye. Fundus examination was within normal
The patient underwent full review of systems and complete work up to exclude infectious and autoimmune diseases. After three days, the blood tests revealed a high titer of VZV, more than 2000 mIU/ml. The other blood tests returned within normal limits.
Treatment: We prescribed the patient oral Valacyclovir 1 gm twice daily and besides the oral treatment, we prescribe topical steroid eye drops, antiglaucoma eye drops on the second visit as the intraocular pressure spiked to 35 mmHg in the right eye and 38 mmHg in the left eye.
Follow up: On examination, the best correct visual acuity after three weeks of oral and topical treatment, the best corrected visual acuity had been improved to 20/20 in each eye, anterior segment examination showed clear anterior chamber with fine pigmentation on endothelium, intraocular pressure was within normal limits.
We taper the topical treatment and we kept the oral valacyclovir till the next visit in two months.
Xianglan Chen
Beijing Language and Culture University, China
Title: Metonymy processing in Chinese: A preliminary context-sensitive study with eye tracking technology
Biography:
ChenXianglan is professor at Center for the Cognitive Science of Language at Beijing Language and Culture University. Her main research interests are in theoretical and eye-tracking experimental including cognitive linguistics; psycholinguistics; brain and cognition; business English; Tourism; advertisement; culture and teaching. She has been head of over 30 research projects including two National Planning Funds of Philosophy and Social Science (Project number 11BYY010; 19BYY016). The National Post Doctor Association (project number: 20070420267) and three projects of Ministry of Education (project number: 09YJA740022; 19JHQ035) and Planning Funds of Beijing Key Project of Philosophy and Social Science (project number: 16YYA005) and others. She is often invited to speak at the conferences both in China and other countries and also organizes conferences several times. She has published more than 80 journal articles, most of which have appeared in the key journals of China (CSSCI) and high quality international journals (SSCI). She has three monographs and one of which got the Second-Prize for the 7th Outstanding Achievement Award from Ministry of Education which is the highest and national level award for social science in China.
Abstract:
Cognitive theories of metonymy understanding are typically described in terms of the mappings between two domains of abstract, schematic, disembodied knowledge. Some researches proposed that understanding metaphorical expressions is a process of building a simulation that is fundamentally embodied in being constrained by past and present bodily experiences. However, few empirical studies address how context affects metonymy processing in English, and even fewer do so in other languages. The present study uses eye-tracking experimentation to explore Chinese metonymy processing, focusing on how the contextual information of both the preceding target words and the immediate spillover after the target words affects metonymic processing based on whether the logical relationship between the preceding contextual information and the target word is strong or weak (a 2×2 between-subject experiment with target words of literal/metonymy and logic of strong/weak). Results show that readers take longer to arrive at a literal interpretation than at a metonymic interpretation when the preceding information is in a weak logic relationship with target words, although this disparity can disappear when the logic is strong. Another finding is that both the preceding and the spillover contextual information contribute to Chinese metonymy processing when the spillover information does more to the metonymy than it does to the literal meaning. This study further supports Grice’s theory of pragmatic reasoning and develops additional information on how the components of sentences contribute to the metonymic processing of target words. Based on an experiment, a contextual model of Chinese metonymy processing is proposed.
Keywords: Metonymy processing, Embodied cognition, Preceding contextual information, Eye tracking, Spillover contextual information.
Boeen Hwang
Catholic University of Korea, Korea
Title: Serial choriocapillaris flow changes in eyes with branched retinal vascular obstruction
Biography:
Boeen Hwang Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Catholic Institute for Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
Abstract:
Purpose: To evaluate the Chorio Capillaris (CC) flow changes in Branched Retinal Vascular Obstruction (BRVO) on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA).
Methods: Retrospective analysis of 29 patients with unilateral BRVO (58 eyes, including unaffected fellow eyes for controls). 4.5 x 4.5 mm macular scans were divided into 4 quadrants. Serial analyses were conducted on CC flow voids of the opposite quadrant to the active occluded area in BRVO eyes. Each of the quadrants was also compared to the occluded quadrant of resolved eyes and the contralateral quadrant of fellow eyes by matched data analysis. A regression analysis was performed on the several parameters (Choroidal thickness; CT, Choroidal vascularity index; CVI, Central macular thickness; CMT, The number of intravitreal injections) and CC flow voids.
Results: The CC flow void increased sequentially: The uninvolved quadrant of acute BRVO-affected eyes, that of resolved eyes after 3-month/1-year, the contralateral quadrant of fellow eye, and the involved (occluded) quadrant of resolved eyes. There were significant correlations between initial CMT, the number of injections and the CC flow void of uninvolved quadrants (P=0.025, 0.031 respectively), and between the involved (occluded) quadrants and fellow CT (P=0.029).
Conclusion: CC flow void of uninvolved macular areas decreased significantly in eyes with acute BRVO, suggesting that CC changes were limited to the blocked area and a compensatory mechanism would work in surrounding areas.